The Antient and Modern Split · NM Freemason

Vocabulary (6)

Moderns: The nickname given (in retrospect) to the Premier Grand Lodge of 1717. The name was applied by their rivals, who held that the Premier Grand Lodge had "modernized" certain ceremonial practices away from older usage.
Antients: A rival Grand Lodge organized in London in 1751, claiming to preserve more ancient ceremonial usages than the Premier Grand Lodge. Spelled with an "i" ("Antients") to distinguish them.
Laurence Dermott: The Antients' Grand Secretary for many decades. Wrote their book of constitutions, the Ahiman Rezon. His sharp pen and ceremonial conservatism shaped Antient identity through the 18th century.
Ahiman Rezon: The Antient Grand Lodge's published book of constitutions (first edition 1756). Distinct from Anderson's Constitutions. Many American Grand Lodges (PA notably) inherited their constitutional language from Ahiman Rezon, not from Anderson.
Union of 1813: The two English Grand Lodges merged on 27 December 1813, forming the United Grand Lodge of England. The Act of Union reconciled ceremonial differences and set the standard form of English Masonry that most regular jurisdictions inherit today.
Inheritance in America: Many American Grand Lodges descend from Provincial Grand Lodges chartered by either the Moderns or the Antients before the Union, and some from both. The mixed inheritance shows up in regional ceremonial differences that still persist today.

1. Which body was nicknamed the 'Moderns'?

2. What was the rival Grand Lodge formed in 1751 called?

3. What was the published constitutions book of the Antient Grand Lodge?

4. In what year did the two English Grand Lodges unite?